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| caption = Location of Duisburg in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany--> | caption = Map of the Love Parade in Duisburg | date = | time = | place = Duisburg, Germany | reported injuries = 510 | reported death(s) = 21 | notes= }} On 24 July 2010, a crowd disaster at the 2010 Love Parade electronic dance music festival in Duisburg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, caused the death of 21 people from suffocation.〔 At least 510 more were injured. The Love Parade was a popular and free-access festival and parade that originated in 1989 in Berlin. The parade featured stages, but had floats with music, DJs and dancers moving through the audience. The Love Parade in Duisburg was the first edition of the festival that was organised in a closed-off area.〔(Tragisches Ende der Techno-Party by Online Focus )〕 Between 200,000 and people were reported to be attending the event and 3,200 police were on hand. With the slogan "The Art of Love", the event was one of the program elements of RUHR.2010, an effort to highlight cultural events in the Ruhr area, one of 2010's European Capitals of Culture.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.essen-fuer-das-ruhrgebiet.ruhr2010.de/en/programme/a-time-to-celebrate/loveparade.html )〕 ==Incident== The festival was staged on the area of a former freight station. The capacity of the enclosed location was limited to 250,000 people,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Rede von Minister für Inneres und Kommunales Ralf Jäger )〕 but more than one million visitors were expected, based on the experience of previous years. Entrance should have been granted at 11:00, but was granted at 12:00 CEST. A 240-metre tunnel from the east and a series of underpasses from the west met at a ramp that was supposed to be the only entrance and exit point of the festival area.〔Catastrophe point: 25 metre long mouth of the (Karl-Lehr-Strassen Tunnel ) underpass area with (Ostrampe (east-ramp) ) especially around the small stairs (sight walk - 3 days after, by WDR Fernsehen); see also (video at 17:00 o'clock ).〕 A smaller ramp existed between the underpasses from the west. Because of overcrowding, police at the entrance began announcing over loudspeakers that new arrivals should turn around and head back. The side of the tunnel that was the entry of the parade area was closed, but people continued to enter the tunnel from the rear, despite being told it was closed. The deaths occurred as the ramp between tunnel underpasses and the festival area became overcrowded.〔(interview: crowd manager Carsten Walter ) 〕 There was some debate as to how the deaths occurred. Some reports suggested they were caused by people falling off a staircase as they tried to escape the tunnel.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Germany Love Parade victims were crushed to death )〕 However, autopsies showed that all of the fatalities were due to crushed rib cages.〔 A 2012 scientific analysis of the causes of the disaster dismissed the earlier descriptions of the incident as stampede or crowd panic, and instead found evidence for a phenomenon called "crowd turbulence".〔http://www.epjdatascience.com/content/1/1/7/abstract D. Helbing and P. Mukerji, Crowd disasters as systemic failures: Analysis of the Love Parade Disaster. EPJ Data Science 1:7 (2012), 〕 Lopavent GmbH, the organiser of the Love Parade, released a film,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Documentation LoveParade Imprint )〕 depicting an explanation of the events. The film is based on CCTV recordings, explanatory animations, documents, press reports and eyewitness accounts released by the organiser.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Documentation LoveParade 24.7.2010 )〕〔(Videos – Timeline (Zeitstrahl) ) Dokumentation der Ereignisse zur Loveparade 2010 in Duisburg 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Love Parade disaster」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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